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Linguistics 001 Homework
2 Phonology and morphology | ||
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LING 001: Introduction to Linguistics Name__________________________________ Homework
2: phonology and morphology
1. Some English phonology (a) Using the tables of English sounds in the Phonology/Phonetics lecture notes (not the more complicated IPA chart, but the smaller tables of specifically English sounds which come after the IPA chart), list every sound of English that fits the descriptions given below. For example, if you're asked for "high vowels", you should list all four vowels that are high in English, [i, I, u, U] regardless of whether they're front or back, rounded or unrounded, tense or lax (since these properties were omitted from the definition of this particular natural class). 1. Alveolar obstruent consonants ______________________________________________________________ 2. Velar oral stop consonants__________________________________________________________________ 3. Palatal sonorant consonants _________________________________________________________________ 4. High tense vowels_________________________________________________________________________ (b) Give the shortest description that includes the set of sounds listed, but correctly excludes all other sounds of English. For example, if you're given [k, g] you would answer "velar stops"; you can't just say "velar consonants" because there's a velar nasal that isn't included in this list. Also, you wouldn't mention "voiced" or "voiceless" since that isn't a property that's shared by both consonants in the list, so it doesn't correctly define their natural class. 1. [f, q. s, š, h] ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. [f, v] ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. [b,m,w] __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. [e, o] _____________________________________________________________________________________ (c) For each of the following phonetic transcriptions, give the normal English spelling of the word. Be careful not to confuse spelling and transcription! For example, the transcription [hay] would be for "high" or "hi", not for "hay." 1. [rip] _________________________ 2. [rip] _________________________ 3. [beđ] ________________________ 4. [čayld] _______________________ 5. [fed] _________________________ 6. [stud] ________________________ 7. [bεt] _________________________ 8. [pay] _________________________ 2. Distribution of sounds The
following data are from Sindhi, an Indo-European language spoken in
India and
Pakistan. Examine the phones [p], [ph] and [b]. Determine if the three
are allophones of separate phonemes
(i.e., different phonemes) or allophones of the same phoneme. What is
your evidence?
Is the relationship among the sounds the same as in English? Why
or why
not? 1. [pənu]
leaf
7. [təru] bottom 2.
[vəˇj u] opportunity
8. [khəto] sour 3. [šeki]
suspicious
9. [bəˇj u] run 4. [gədo]
dull
10. [bənu] forest 5. [dəru]
door
11. [bəču] be safe 6.
[phənu] snake hood
12. [ˇj əˇj u]
judge 3. Some English morphology A short passage from the abstract of a biomedical article is given below. Unless you know a lot about medicine, you probably won't understand the passage. That's OK, I don't really understand it either. But in order to analyze the morphology, we don't have to understand the gist of the article, we just have to know the basic facts of English morphology that we discussed in class. In this passage: (a) Find examples of three different regular inflectional suffixes.
_________________________________________________ (b) Find two examples of derivational suffixes that are at least semi-regular, in the sense that the pattern of derivation corresponds to many other examples in the language. In each case, give the base form that the suffix is added to, the category of that base form, the form of the suffix, the combined form, and the category of the combined form. Example: rehabilitate (verb) + -ion == rehabilitation (noun). For each of your examples, also give an analogous case (of a different word derivation based on the same suffix) not found in the cited passage Example
1:____________________________________________________________________________________________ Analogous case
not in the passage:
________________________________________________________________________ Example
2:____________________________________________________________________________________________ Analogous case
not in the passage:
________________________________________________________________________ (c) Find a single verb stem that occurs in different places in the passage with two different productive derivational prefixes. "Productive" means that the form and meaning of the combination is easily predictable from the parts. An example of this sort of thing would be if preassembled and disassembled appeared in the passage, since preassemble transparently means "assemble ahead of time" and disassemble transparently means "cause to no longer be assembled". _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (d) Are there any inflectional prefixes in this passage? _________________________________________________________ NADPH-cytochrome-P450
reductase both purified from rat hepatic |
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